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"Jean Paul Sartre: a woman's face is the source of a great philosophy."

There is a woman's face that always accompanies a man should be. And 'what we know to be a woman, a great woman, a great writer and a great philosopher Simone de Beauvoir, Jean Paul companion. We know this from one of the volumes of his famous autobiography, sketch of an entire era: La Force de l'age. It 's you that there is also involved in the origin and the evolution of both the thought of the philosopher of the twentieth century as their own. The core concept of Sartre's philosophy stemming from Husserl - that intentionality - that Sartre Raymond knew thanks to my friend Aaron, the great sociologist, and develop in its own way in The trascendance de l'ego and above it being and nothingness, owes much to a woman's face. This is not that of his partner, but another, a famous face, labeled by some "metaphysical", that of Durer's Melancholia. E 'in this time the young Sartre recognizes the fundamental feature of existence of man: the incompleteness. Man is the being who is not and can not be the foundation for himself, if he were God would intenzionalizzante Man is structurally, but what he knows may know only as intenzionalizzato. But he is by nature intenzionalizzante that is transcendent, but structurally, therefore, necessarily free and therefore responsible. But the world may know, the others, and even himself only intenzionalizzandoli, so oggettizzandoli, "petrified". E 'therefore impossible for man to rely on himself. And the man is aware of this. Is conscious of its finitude. The man is structurally designed and transcendence and to the foundation: this is his "passion". The Melancholy is all about. This is the metaphysical expression of that face. It 'a face that has long engaged the mind of the young philosopher, to the point that it was devoted to the title of the most famous of his novels The melancholia, but it was the publisher Gallimard to impose the title under which it will forever be known: nausea. In 2005 I bought a copy. The publisher - always Gallimard - perhaps he wanted to pay homage to Jean Paul later: the cover, under the title, leads to full-page picture painted by pinctor optimus, the image that was the origin of the work.

francesco Latteri Scholten.

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Great blast from the past when pasta on the shelves of department at the supermarket I found this package.

are now back with the mind as the asylum years ... among the things that I remember clearly there is just this kind of noodles to the broth.
My mom tells me that at that time had become crazy to find it, because it was not commercially available but was only intended to market tables.
And of course I wanted at home "in the noodles they give me asylum."

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"Playdoyer to Jean Paul Sartre."

A Pope of the twentieth century, said - Referring to S. Justin Martyr - that are considered in one of those who have sought God and were aimed at him, everybody, even non-believers or atheists, they have sought the truth. Jean Paul Sartre is certainly to be included among them. The inscribed including his intellectual honesty from everyone, accorded friends and enemies. The union between these inscribed with Simone De Beauvoir, companion of a lifetime. The inscribed the experiences of these "strong" in his life, such as imprisonment in Nazi concentration camps, along with religious and priests who were his friends. I enrolled her fight against fascism, a partisan among partisans. The inscribed his atheism always open and looking for the box: I'm an existentialist and atheist - said Jean Paul - but, he explained, atheism is not prerequisite to existentialism. His atheism is not such. of Machiavelli, who hoped to finally see an end to these wicked priests. E 'atheism of those who, while acknowledging that he "sometimes lived as if God exists, can not get the power of faith. Although the argument will be the subject of this dissertation is therefore considered appropriate to consider briefly some points of revelation to understand the proper position in relation to it some of Sartre's key concepts. In the Old Testament, Moses that asked him to show him His glory, God had said, found that the day, at that time in that place. I come, I will put my hand on you and it will cover you, then pass and then I shall lift my hand and you can see me from behind, because it is not possible for man to see God and remain alive. It 'as stated in the NT by Jesus himself - who asked him to Thomas that show us the Father and this is enough - replied: Thomas, how can you say, show us the Father? Whoever has seen me has seen the Father. Reiterate that the most eminent theologians, we refer to all St. Thomas Aquinas, who both in the sum of philosophy, theology insists that "there is given in the condition as wayfarers, in any way to see God "God is accessible only through revelation and faith. On the other hand, the whole of Revelation and theology regarded as the highest sin of the angel, like man, to form the foundation of self, the famous "eritis sicut Deum" with which Satan turns to man. So, for the revelation, man can not lay its foundation in itself, nor, by its nature, can know, if not precisely through revelation and faith. The philosophical thought of Jean Paul, inspired by a large study of psychology and that of the thought of Husserl and Heidegger, comes to an end the same way: The structure of man is such that he can not ask for its own foundation, moreover, by its very nature it is impossible for the understanding of a being that may arise as a foundation of self, on the other hand man, by nature, she longs to this foundation, more than any other thing. The longing for God to Augustine. Jean Paul Sartre stop there. Here stops philosophy. There does not stop St. Thomas Aquinas, a man of great faith since childhood, but continues with his own faith, looking at the Revelation. Jean Paul fails in this step, it stops, if he continued he would do theology. If we stop here with Jean Paul, then the man is the one that there can be a basis either to conceive a being who can do it, but tents, that yearns more than anything else, just what man is this passion, a passion destined to remain eternally infinite and that therefore " a useless passion "because of his own property, man himself is this passion. The man is "a useless passion." A failure to God. But God is not out of the sin of the angel, the pride of wanting to be God does not want to be or have what is not, nor take what is not. He wants to be just what it is. He knows he is what he is. It is conscious. And 'this is his exist. E 'melancholy. But this very structure of man is that which in itself implies the freedom and responsibility and thus morality. It 's the conclusion of "L'Etre and Nothingness" and also the ideal extension to his turn: "Cahiers pour une morale." As a believer, I think it is one of the fundamental aspects of the philosophy of Jean Paul. The freedom and, I add the gratuity is the conditio sine qua non, the most radical implication, of love: love is impossibly coercion, freedom and gratuity are what is fundamentally intrinsic. Freedom is the foundation of the relationship of love with God and neighbor. And 'as regards the Church, which puts freedom as an indispensable condition of all the sacraments, and states, failing this, the invalidity of the same. A sacrament is an act of love, his consecration.

Sartre's position is again parallel to that of Thomas

The man - who can not act as God, nor, by its nature is, in this state of a wayfarer know God - just because of his nature is likely to lead a law, it is inscribed in this very nature is what St. Thomas calls the natural law. Jean Paul, like Thomas, is separated from ethical relativism. If we stop with Sartre, we get also the same explanation of theologians about the temptation of Satan man: the fact they would have tried about its intrinsic Pasion - its "useless passion" - its foundation, knowing that man by nature docks and therefore could not amount to dispose porgliene a man to himself and to God if now we look all'Husserl de "The crisis of modern science," or de Marx "Capital" we can ask whether this not exactly what some science, technology and economy, have, at least in part, already. Husserl, in fact, precisely in "The crisis ..." shows us that for this purpose is not even necessary to lay a foundation or some other basis, you simply have to change the 'intent' of man, and this, at least for the sciences, the phenomenologist demonstrates thorough happened. But, the change of 'intentionality' is eo ipso a teleological change. Jean Paul, meanwhile, already in "Nausea" (Gallimard, Folio, 2004 pp. 178 and below) had shown that the relationship between the thing, the idea, and the word is already a fake existence.

are also two significant features of the thought of Sartre:

a) the direction of its movement, psychologist - inner - or by the staff of his early works, the other, the relational, the social later works.

b) its not superficial.

introspective movement is very significant, because it is the first motion conversion, for example. Augustine. What Augustine is "subjective, study their actions, that of Jean Paul, starting from the person subject to examination, his existential condition, ranging from subjective to objective. That discussion - it is important - is the reality of the person report and they are world-famous pages of "L 'etre and Nothingness" dedicated to this relationship. And 'the social interest in the birth will take the two "Critique de la raison Dialectique. There also arises the conflict with his friend Albert Camus whose positions are more individualistic and that - oddly enough - many Christians feel more "Catholic", where the positions of Sartre are vastly more open and radically, indeed expressly directed to the next, the 'oppressed, social justice, and not just in words, I quote one of many facts: the direct participation and in person, the struggles of the workers of Renault. The direction of this movement of Sartre's philosophy, the personal, social, is based on an analysis of normality, the "situation", leaving the surface and turning in depth, searching for meaning, the meaning of existence.

francesco Latteri Scholten

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"The roots of Europe".

"But how did it all begin? Europe, towards dawn, sleeping in his room on the first floor of the palace, had a strange dream: he was between two women, one was in Asia, the other was the land that is before us, and not has a name. The two women were beaten, violently for her. Each wanted her for himself. The Asia Europe seemed to be a woman of her country, and the other was for her a total foreigner. And the stranger, in the end, with powerful hands dragged her away. By the will of Zeus, said Europe would be an Asian girl abducted by a stranger. The dream was very clear, like a scene from the day. Europe woke up and was scared for a long time sitting on the bed in silence. Then she left, as always, with her companions. At the mouth of the river, among the roses and the roar of the waves, was around Europe with his basket of gold. Appeared on the Prairie infector blond color with a white circle on his forehead. Gave off a smell that covered the flowers. He stopped in front of Europe and licked his neck. She caressed him, and while wiping the foam that dripped from the mouth of plenty. The bull knelt before him, it seemed the rump. And, as she was mounted, leaped into the sea. Europe, terrified, looked toward the beach, called her friends, holding one arm in a vacuum. Then, already in the midst of the waves, with one hand clung to the great horn, the other held tightly to her chest and lifted the edge of the peplum. And behind him, the tunic was swollen in a purple sail. (Roberto Calasso, The Marriage of Cadmus and Harmony). " Europe, a subsidiary of Asia, Rapitalà by Zeus. Thus the Greek mythology. And in ancient Greece undoubtedly have their roots in Europe. "But how did it all begin?" From the confluence of two rivers: Hellenism and Judaism. They both sink their roots in 'Asia, so the myth tells the truth. Rome. Rome before condescendingly, then fiction and deceit and then forcibly took him to the Greek culture: again the myth is telling the truth. In Rome, there, then they reached the first disciples of the Messiah: S. Peter S. Paul. In Rome, the confluence of two rivers, which started with Paul in the Areopagus, continued by S. John in the "Prologue" is carried out. It will culminate in the "Confessions" and "City of God." It 'the time of the fall of Rome: the bag is 410. The real Urbe, the Republican has already fallen since the days of Cicero. Since then, "Culture" the real one - so much Greek as a Christian - has lived in hiding, pursued by the empire and its barbaric materialist ideology first, then the real barbarians. There is a monaco born in 480. Again a monaco, even before the days of the Messiah, had been monks at Qumran to keep the culture from barbarism. They were always instruct them to Mary, the mother of the Messiah, and apparently also the same Messiah. The Monaco was born in 480 in 529, at Monte Cassino he founded his own order and own monastery, his name is Benedict and the Benedictine monks. All that remains today is the culture that these monks were able to save from barbarous fury. Also be able to save only thanks to 'Islam, we will have - for example - wait S. Albertus Magnus and St. Thomas for through gl'arabi, regain possession of the texts of Aristotle. The culture that barbarism had destroyed and that only with difficulty in the modern technique was able to recover is immense: it had already been measured with an error of only half the diameter of the earth stage, only the relativity was able to partially recover the method of Archimedes .... The humanistic and religious remained almost intact, but it is the most persecuted by a "modernity" that seems even more barbaric. A blinded modernity, like the ancient barbarism, from its materialism and its cult of exteriority. As the 'Oedipus, "the man without interiority. But, "in inner hominis habitat veritas" wrote St. Augustine rightly. That 's what - in other words - was written on the' Oracle of Apollo at Delphi: "Know thyself." And the Oracle of Delphi, at the sight of which one was in front of a mirror, was greatest in the world of ancient culture.

francesco Latteri Scholten.

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"9:11 '89: from Yalta to Yalta at the end."

There is a name in the history conremporanea, which has a very specific meaning and primary, the name of a small town in Crimea: Yalta. Prologue is the Yalta conference in Teheran in November 1943. The Yalta Conference begins February 4, 1945, are taking part in Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill. It sanctioned the "status quo", or the division of the world already implemented by the war. At Yalta the themes are reflected in Tehran: the project of creation of Roosevelt 's New World Order UN custody of his four great with veto power: the United States, Soviet Union, China, Britain, France exclusion from this directory, deleting the history of Germany's unconditional surrender, the Soviet Union award German eastern territories of Russia and the absorption of the Baltic countries. What's new is that Yalta Roosevelt wants at any cost the consensus for the creation of Stalin 's Soviet UN intervention in Japan, in return is willing to give a little' everywhere, creating hardships Churchill. 'S February 11, 1945 when the conference ends the big four, now three, are really only two and a half Yalta establishes the bipolar world. Japan, big loser, rebuilt in the following decades will grow up to become the current second-largest economy. Germany, another major defeat, which was rebuilt with the Marshall Plan, is developed until it became the third. Kit is an economic giant and political dwarf, as well as Japan, until the early '70s. There is the sword of Damocles hanging over the cold war all over the world, but particularly on Germany, where a wall also divides the material world and the country. There is the intuition of a great chancellor, then the Nobel Peace Prize, Willy Brandt, to go out with a policy of peace from this reality: the "Ostpolitik". Brandt replaces Helmut Schmidt in 1974 to the Registry, Ostpolitik is continued and enhanced by a new political work in Germany and in Europe and worldwide. Germany now has a significant role in the global political arena. The Ostpolitik was the first great and fundamental, and today we add successful war in the cold war through a policy of successful establishment of mutual trust, fundamental to a dialogue, through intensification of trade and economic cooperation, science and technology. The Ostpolitik has been so successful in establishing a dialogue East - West peaceful and constructive. A more radical change would only be possible with a change in the internal situation in Eastern Europe. And 'what happens with two key events. The ascent to the papacy of Karol Wojtyla - October 16, 1978 - close to the leader Lech Walesa and his supporters, and especially with the election as secretary of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev in March 1985. Gorbachev proposes and begins the difficult and arduous task of modernizing their country, to restore vitality and life to society, industry, trade and economy, reduced to stagnation or even decline, from totalitarianism. The watchword is "Perestroika" and, as Gorbachev himself says "the essence of perestroika lies in the fact that combining socialism and democracy." The change is radical and incontrovertible. Perestroika was introduced in March 1986, at the 27th Congress of the CPSU upset and revolutionizing it, and, thereby, overturning and revolutionizing the future of economic policy ' USSR and thus the USSR itself. The realism and credibility posed by the Ostpolitik of Brandt and Schmidt are now finally a valid interlocutor. After the tedium of Brezhnev, is placed an end to the Cold War, the real dialogue begins: "We are facing problems with a spirit of cooperation enon of animosity. I realize that not everyone will agree with me. And, in truth, neither do I agree with everything others have to say on various issues. " These are the words of the textual Soviet leader. Total renovation and especially dialogue, both inside and outside, and here is crucial and valid the actions of his deputy and Foreign Minister Edward Schewardnadse. The abandonment of the totalitarian Soviet empire, however, will come to the surface of nationalism and particularism, and then to the disintegration of that empire which was based on totalitarianism. The empire is thus dropped. It 's amazing that this was done peacefully, without firing a single shot. With the empire fell the wall that divided the world, Europe and Germany. Was 9.11. '89.

francesco Latteri Scholten.

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"They already did Hitler and Stalin: remove the crosses."

A philosophical concept that laid the roots of humanism and pacifism:

3 "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 4Beati those who mourn, for they shall be consolati.5Beati the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. 6Beati those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied. 7Beati the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy. 8Beati the pure in heart, for they shall see God 9Beati are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God 10Be are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 11Beati you when they insult you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you because of me. 12Rallegratevi and be glad, for great is your reward in heaven. So it they persecuted the prophets before you. 13Voi are the salt of the earth: but if the salt loses its saltiness, how can it be made salty again? A good for nothing but to be thrown out and trampled by uomini.14Voi are the light of the world can not be hidden a city set on a hill, 15né lights a lamp and put it under a bushel, but on a stand face light to all in the house. 16Così let your light shine before men, that they may see your good works and give glory to your Father in heaven. (Mt 5: 3-16) "The power has always attacked this philosophical concept and those who preach, already in his day, when he was already in life, when he preached, when he acted and worked. Even then, we used primarily by de-legitimization of defamation and distortion, an operation which culminated in the grotesque farce of a process that has no equal in terms of falsehood and iniquity. At that time it was thought to culminate in the de-legitimization by crucifixion libel: who preached those principles had to be taken as a symbol of disgrace and infamy symbol par excellence was the crucifixion. Today that is no longer the symbol of infamy, the symbol is denied twice by giving values \u200b\u200bthat do not belong to him, and then denying the same symbol as such. Here is an aberration in pretending not to know that those values \u200b\u200b- I have disproportionately cited - not just simply "religious" and "devotional". There are a lot more. That are deeply rooted in what our humanism and its culture. The moments in which we in Europe are denied these values \u200b\u200bwere the darkest and most tragic in the history of the continent and the history of the twentieth century and its ideology gives us - with hundreds of millions of deaths - a testimony to what it should be sufficient to meet when these negatives become effective in degl'uomini consciousness: that is, when gl'uomini not have more memory.

francesco Latteri Scholten.

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"moral landscape: the relevance of" The legend of the Holy Drinker by Joseph Roth and directed by Ermanno Olmi. " For

For Nietzsche it is - paradoxically - an excess of moral man to kill and kill God, "The madman jumped into their midst and pierced them with his eyes. Where is God gone? He cried. I'll tell you. We have killed us - you and me! We are all his murderers. ... "We are today - and the various scandals the show more or less sensational - steeped in a radical way from absolute hypocrisy, culminating in the most absolute lie: to postulate as the basis of the moral man, but his assumed perfection is God . The true man, one hand supposed natural law, can not squash this, he and all his imperfect humanity. Its fall and fallen humanity. The alleged moralists also cite Augustine. St. Augustine, however, told us his own precarious journey of breath and struggle against his lust - who cites the quote appears at the moment to forget - his own sin. A path of freedom, a never-ending fight for freedom. It 'not a fight that starts from the assumption of perfection, but the limit of sin. Then sin can not be - is what you miss - just a free tool of marginalization: Therefore, we condemn the sin not the sinner. Our company uses instead the moral to marginalize and kill, as he rightly saw Nietzsche, and this is because it is assumed in principle that should be the goal: perfection. It 'a reality, however, long before Nietzsche denounced by St. Paul, in his comparison of the law - his old man - and charity. Joseph Roth - you can tell the footsteps of St. Augustine - describing its futility, this is not lust but alcohol. There is a commitment to St. Augustine, perhaps, there is indeed more, but there is less force in tagastese. There is also the grace: an unexpected loan of 200 francs to a stranger is Kartack Andreas, a former miner homeless, with a commitment to bring them on Sunday morning after mass in the church where the statue of St. Therese of Lisieux. There is - even here the "resurrection" to a new life, but there is a weakness of not being able to leave. Here, as for S. Augustine, is the work of the enemy: a series of characters involved in interfering with its determination to return the 200 francs to the Saint. In the two and a half weeks later he again meets Andreas Karoline, a woman for whom he had accidentally killed and had been in prison is an old school friend became a famous boxer and enjoys a love affair with Gabby, a dancer in variety. Unlike with S. Augustine's work of the enemy here is a winner, winning is our weakness and our succumbs. But there again the grace that now uses the weakness of remorse. Andreas finally starts to pay its debt, bringing the foot of the Santa its defeat.

This is exactly what our company does not want and does not accept that refuses. It rejects a purely human way, assume a meter for super-human perfection - that no one really has - and uses the deficiency as an instrument of exclusion.

francesco Latteri Scholten.

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pride and happiness

In 1959 he released a film directed by Fred Zinnemann entitled "History of a nun." Audrey Hepburn is the main character who plays Gabrielle van Der Mal, as you might guess from the title, he took his vows and became Sister Lucia.
There is a phrase in the film that I liked very much, very much indeed. Gabrielle's father accompanies
he enters the convent as a postulant. Among the sadness, tears in his eyes and pain for the surrender takes place this exchange:
Gabrielle: "Daddy, I want you to be proud of me."
Father of Gabrielle: "I do not want to be proud of you, I want you to be happy."

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HALLOWEEN? What's your cry

Thanks to the site www.irlandando.it discover and try to understand the festival of Halloween.

The name Halloween (Hallow E'en in Irish) comes from the contraction of All Hallows', where Hallow is the archaic English word meaning Holy Eve of All Saints, then. All Saints, however, English is All Hallows' Day The importance, however, is on the run can be deduced from the value of the Celtic cosmology: This conception of time, even if only formally and linguistically speaking, is very present in Anglophone countries, where several festivals are accompanied by the words "Eve", including the same New Year's Eve, New Year's Eve, or Christmas Eve "Christmas Eve".

The Celts were mainly a pastoral people, unlike other European cultures, such as those of Mediterranean basin. The rhythms of their lives were, therefore, marked the time that the breeding of livestock required, at different times from those fields. At the end of the summer season, the shepherds reported their flocks to the valley to prepare for the arrival of winter and early next year. For the Celts, in fact, not the new year began on 1 January as for us today, but on 1 November, when the hot season officially ended and began the season of darkness and cold, as long as you shut at home for several months, sheltering from the cold, building tools and spending their evenings telling stories and legends. The transition from summer to winter and from the old to the new year was celebrated with long celebrations, the Samhain (pronounced sow-in, where they sow rhymes with cow), which derives from the Gaelic samhuinn and means "summer's end", end of summer. In Ireland the festival was known as Samhein, or La Samon, the Feast of the Sun, but the concept is the same. In that time of year the fruits of the fields (not being the main activity of the Celts, however, were grown) were insured, the cattle had been well fed fresh air and mountain pastures and stocks for the winter were prepared. The community, therefore, could rest and thank the gods for their generosity. This was done through the Samhain, which also served to exorcise the arrival winter and its dangers, uniting and strengthening the community through a rite of passage that brought about the benevolence of the gods. The importance attributed to the Celtic Samhain population resides in their conception of time, seen as a circle divided into cycles: the end of each cycle was considered very important and full of magic. Along with Samhain (Oct. 31, in fact) were celebrated Lughnasadh (August 1st), Beltaine (May 1), Imbolc (Feb. 1), Yule (21 June), Ostara (September 22), Litha (December 22) and Mabon (21 March).

The advent of Christianity has not completely erased these holidays, but in many cases overlapped to them by giving them content and meaning than the original ones.

Death was the main theme of the festival, in line with what was happening in nature during the winter, life seems to be silent, when in fact renewed underground, where traditionally, among other things, the rest dead. From here you can understand the juxtaposition of Samhain to the cult of the dead. The Celts believed that on the eve of each new year, ie October 31, Samhain summoned all the spirits of the dead, who lived in a land of eternal youth and happiness called Tir nan Oge, and that the forces of spirits could join the living world, thus causing the dissolution of the temporary laws of time and space and ensuring that the afterlife is merged with the world of the living and allowing the wandering spirits to roam undisturbed on Earth. Samhain was therefore a celebration that united the fear of death and spirits to joy of the celebrations for the end of the old year. During the night of Oct. 31 rallies were held in the woods and hills to the ignition of the sacred fire ceremony and animal sacrifices were made. Dressed in grotesque masks, the Celts returned to the village, under the light with lanterns made of onions, cut inside which were placed the embers of the sacred fire. After these rituals, the Celts celebrated for three days, disguised with skin the animals killed to frighten the spirits.

Ireland spread the custom of lighting torches and torches outside the doors and leave food and milk for the souls of the dead who have paid a visit to their families, so that they could refresh themselves and elect not to make jokes to the living .

Through the Roman conquests, Christians and Celts came into contact. The evangelization of the British Isles brought with it a new concept of life, far from Celtic during which time the Church tried to eradicate the pagan cults, but not always succeed. Halloween was not completely erased, but was somewhat Christianized, through the establishment of All Saints Day on 1 November and, later, of All Souls' Day Nov. 2. It was Odilon of Cluny in 998 AD, to give the start to what would have been a new and long-lived tradition of Western societies. Then he gave orders that the monasteries the Abbey employees celebrate the rite of the dead from the evening of November 1. The next day was instead ordered that was commemorated with a Eucharistic celebration offered to the Lord, pro omnium defunctorum rest. A practice that soon spread throughout Christian Europe, to arrive in Rome later. The Feast of All Saints, in fact, was celebrated for the first time in Rome on 13 May 609 AD at the consecration of the Pantheon to the Virgin Mary. Later, Pope Gregory III decreed that the Feast of All Saints' Day was celebrated on May 13 but not more, but on 1 November, as some time in France. It was about the ninth century AD, the Feast of All Saints was officially institutionalized, and then extended to the whole Church, by Pope Gregory IV. With the exception of Orthodox Christians, who in keeping with the first celebrations, still celebrate All Saints Day in the spring, the Sunday after Pentecost. The influence of the cult of Samhain was not, however, eradicated and for this reason the Church said in the tenth century, a new holiday: November 2, All Souls' Day, dedicated to memory of the souls of the missing.

the mid-nineteenth century, Ireland was hit by a terrible famine, still remembered with great participation by the Irish. At that time, to escape poverty, many people decided to leave the island and to try luck in the United States, where they set, like many other nationalities, a strong community. Inside it were kept alive the traditions and customs of their homeland, and among them was celebrated Halloween on Oct. 31.

Soon, this practice spread to all Americans, almost becoming a national holiday. More recently, the United States by cinema and television have exported worldwide celebrations of Halloween, infecting that part of Europe which had remained apart. In many films and television often portray the famous pumpkin and masked children who knock on doors. And many, finally, are the books and horror stories that take Halloween as background or as a starting point of their plots.

To celebrate Halloween I choose these two spots.
Michelle Obama dressed as a catwoman for Halloween at the White House, always too far ... (Www.repubblica.it)

... and a bit 'of rules for newcomers to the party (www.internazionale.it)

1. Celebrate Halloween out of the American continent is a choice on the edge of good taste.
2. If you send your child to ask for candy from neighbors, before doing a tour of the building to distribute.
3. Halloween Carnival is not: let it be the Playboy bunny costume and dressed as a witch old and ugly.
4. When a child insists on having a carved pumpkin, you should tell him that then eat the pumpkin risotto for a week.
5. Do not waste energy to row against Halloween, remember that the real enemy is always and only Valentine.